9^th International Conference on Endocrinology and Diabetes Summit September 13-14, 2017 Singapore

Diabetes is a disease in which your blood glucose, or blood sugar, levels are too high. Glucose comes from the foods you eat. Insulin is a hormone that helps the glucose get into your cells to give them energy. With type 1 diabetes, your body does not make insulin. With type 2 diabetes, the more common type, your body does not make or use insulin well. Without enough insulin, the glucose stays in your blood. You can also have prediabetes. This means that your blood sugar is higher than normal but not high enough to be called diabetes. Having prediabetes puts you at a higher risk of getting type 2 diabetes.

Over time, having too much glucose in your blood can cause serious problems. It can damage your eyes, kidneys, and nerves. Diabetes can also cause heart disease, stroke and even the need to remove a limb. Pregnant women can also get diabetes, called gestational diabetes.

The endocrine system is made up of endocrine glands. Endocrine glands produce hormones - chemicals that control many of our body's functions. Normally, the hormones released by endocrine glands are carefully balanced to meet the body's needs. The endocrine glands include the pituitary gland (which lies immediately underneath the brain), the thyroid gland (in the front of the neck), the parathyroid glands (just behind the thyroid gland), and the adrenal glands (on top of the kidneys in the abdomen).

Endocrine tumours are classified according to:

·         the particular endocrine glands that are involved

·         the type of cell from which the cancer developed

·         the part of the body that is affected

The endocrine system consists of cells that produce hormones. Hormones are chemical substances that are formed in the body and carried in the bloodstream to have a specific regulatory effect on the activity of other organs or cells in the body. For example, a component of the pancreas is made up of specialized cells clustered together in islands within the organ, called islets of Langerhans. These cells produce multiple hormones, the most critical one being insulin, which is a substance that helps control the amount of sugar in the blood. An endocrine cancer is a growth that affects the parts of the body that secrete hormones. Because an endocrine tumor arises from cells that produce hormones, the tumor itself can produce hormones and cause serious illness.      
 

Other symptoms such as behaviour changes, changes in school performance, and persistent belly pain may also be present. When the gland produces too much thyroid hormone (overactive), the condition is called hyperthyroidism. When the gland produces too little thyroid hormone (underactive), the condition is called hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormone can also lead to   Hypothyroidism in new born. Women are more likely than men to have thyroid disease. One in eight women will develop thyroid problems during her lifetime. For example, women are at particularly high risk for developing thyroid disorders following Infertility, Miscarriage & Complications during pregnancy & childbirth. And more over Diabetes is the most common medical complication during pregnancy, representing 3.3% of all live births. No matter what type of Diabetes you have, there are many steps you and your health care team can take in order to have a safe and healthy pregnancy. In women, thyroid diseases can cause problems with your menstrual period, Problems getting pregnant, Problems during pregnancy. 

The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. There are multiple levels of metabolic regulation. In intrinsic regulation, the metabolic pathway self-regulates to respond to changes in the levels of substrates or products a decrease in the amount of product can increase the flux through the pathway to compensate. This type of regulation often involves allosteric regulation of the activities of multiple enzymes in the pathway. Being overweight increases the chances of developing the common type of diabetes, type 2 diabetes. In this disease, the body makes enough insulin but the cells in the body have become resistant to the salutary action of insulin. Science proposes that being overweight stresses the insides of individual cells. Specifically, overeating stresses the membranous network inside of cells called endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Most patients with type 2 diabetes are obese, and the global epidemic of obesity largely explains the dramatic increase in the incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes over the past 20 years. Currently, over a third (34%) of U.S. adults are obese (defined as BMI >30 kg/m2), and over 11% of people aged ≥20 years have diabetes, a prevalence projected to increase to 21% by 2050. Reducing your body weight, by even a small amount, can help improve your body's insulin sensitivity and lower your risk of developing Cardiovascular Diseases and metabolic conditions such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease and types of cancer.

Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology was established in 1974 to meet the demand for integrated publication on all aspects related to the genetic and biochemical effects, synthesis and secretions of extracellular signals (hormones, neurotransmitters, etc.) and to the understanding of cellular regulatory.

The cardiovascular system responds to multiple endocrine signals, and there are strong parallels between the mechanisms of endocrine and other types of signals that influence the function of the cardiovascular system (nutritional signals, nerve inputs, etc.). Endocrine signals that influence the cardiovascular system can be divided largely into two types according to whether they are mediated by nuclear receptors (including cholesterol and fatty acid metabolites, steroids, and thyroid hormones) or cell surface receptors that work by initiating second messenger signalling cascades (including peptide hormones, cytokines, and neurotransmitters). We discuss below the roles of nuclear and cell surface receptors separately. However, in reality, the actions of both types of signal overlap extensively and are significantly integrated. Cardiovascular disease and diabetes have emerged as major public health problems, both as distinct clinical entities and as comorbid conditions. As a result, the fields of Cardiovascular biology and endocrinology are working more closely now than ever before.

The Endocrine system controls the stream of data amongst cells and tissues, represented by complex administrative components. Hormones apply across the board impacts on different metabolic procedures which guarantee administrative, transform genic and integrative capacity. Signs and indications of endocrine issue traverse the whole clinical range. The Endocrine system is a network of glands that produce and release hormones that help control many important body functions, including the body's ability to change calories into energy that powers cells and organs. The Endocrine system influences how your heart beats, how your bones and tissues grow, even your ability to make a baby. It plays a vital role in whether or not you develop diabetes, thyroid disease, growth disorders, sexual dysfunction, and a host of other hormone-related disorders. Endocrine disease that results when a gland produces too much or too little of an endocrine hormone, called a hormone imbalance. Endocrine disease is due to the development of lesions (such as nodules or tumors) in the endocrine system, which may or may not affect hormone levels. Endocrine disorders may be symptomless or mild enough to not require treatment. Surgery or radiation therapy may be used. Often, diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cause of the endocrine disorder will resolve the symptoms.

The endocrine system works to regulate certain internal processes. (Note: endocrine shouldn’t be confused with exocrine. Exocrine glands, such as sweat and salivary glands, secrete externally and internally via ducts. Endocrine glands secrete hormones internally, using the bloodstream.)

 The endocrine system helps control the following processes and systems:

·         Growth and development

·         Homeostasis (the internal balance of body systems)

·         Metabolism (body energy levels)

·         Reproduction

·         Response to stimuli (stress and/or injury)

The gland needs specific vitamins and minerals to properly do its job. Since we are all unique in how our hormones are functioning where individual levels may be off balance. Research shows us that there are a few key nutrients that are highly valuable for everyone. Some nutrients heavily influence the function of the thyroid gland, and certain foods can inhibit your body's ability to absorb the replacement hormones. There's no such thing as a hypothyroidism diet that will make you well, but eating smart can help you feel better despite the condition. There are many ways to support health easily and naturally, utilizing food and nutrients to encourage proper functioning. The way we eat can actually help, or hurt, our Endocrine System. The nutrients our endocrine system needs are easily accessible in many foods and dietary supplements. With the right information, we can make simple choices to improve health.

Lipid disorders are a group of medical conditions which refer to excessive levels of fatty substances in the bloodstream. These fatty substances include cholesterol and triglycerides. An excess of bad cholesterol increases your risk of heart disease and stroke. A paraganglioma is rare neuroendocrine neoplasm that may develop at various body sites (including the head, neck, thorax and abdomen). "Paraganglioma" is now the most-widely accepted term for these lesions that have been also described as: glomus tumor chemodectoma, perithelioma, fibroangioma, and congenital nevi.Metabolic disorders of bone strength, usually caused by abnormalities of minerals (such as calcium or phosphorus), vitamin D, bone mass or bone structure. The most common metabolic bone disorder is osteoporosis. Embryonic undeveloped cell and fetal antecedent cell transplantation treatments are the significant undifferentiated cell treatments accessible for Diabetes. Aside from the above, different computational methodologies in Diabetes administration control have been presented as of late which are assuming an imperative part in recognizable proof of qualities bringing about diabetes helping in Early Detection of Diabetes. These procedures are likewise valuable in concentrating on the compound etiologist of Diabetes revealing different treatment prospects and model development forms for survival expectation. The Medical case reports have role diseases. They can also help understand the clinical spectrum of rare diseases, as well as unusual presentations of common diseases. They can help generate study hypotheses, including plausible mechanisms. Case reports may also have a role to play in guiding the personalization of disorders and treatments in clinical practice.

Neuroendocrinology is the investigation of the association between the nervous system and the endocrine system, including the organic components of the cells included, and how they convey. The apprehensive and endocrine frameworks frequently act together in a procedure called neuroendocrine joining, to manage the physiological procedures of the human body. Neuroendocrinology emerged from the acknowledgment that the mind, particularly the hypothalamus, controls discharge of pituitary organ hormones, and has in this manner extended to explore various interconnections of the endocrine and sensory systems. The neuroendocrine framework is the system by which the hypothalamus looks after homeostasis, managing propagation, digestion system, eating and drinking conduct, energy utilization, osmolality and circulatory strain.

Endocrine surgery is a specialized surgical field where procedures are performed on Endocrine glands to achieve a hormonal or anti-hormonal effect in the body. Almost always, this entails operating to remove a tumor which has grown on or within an endocrine gland. A common approach is endoscopic endonasal surgery. The field of Endocrine surgery typically comprises surgery for the thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, and adrenal glands. The most common Endocrine surgery operation is removal of the thyroid (thyroidectomy), followed by parathyroid surgery (parathyroidectomy), and followed by the rare operation on the adrenal gland (adrenalectomy). Although not typically referred to as Endocrine surgery, it could be argured that surgery of the pituitary gland, testicles, ovaries, and pancreas are also forms of endocrine surgery since these glands are hormone producing glands as well. More classically, however, only thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal surgery are thought of as "endocrine surgery" with pituitary surgery typically thought of as a form of neurosurgery; testicle surgery typically thought of as urologic surgery; ovary surgery typically thought of as a form of gynecologic surgery; and pancreatic surgery typically thought of as oncology surgery.

In pancreatic islet transplantation, cells are taken from a donor pancreas and transferred into another person. Once implanted, the new islets begin to make and release insulin. Researchers hope that islet transplantation will help people with type 1 diabetes live without daily injections of insulin. Xenotransplantation is the transplantation of living cells, tissues or organs from one species to another. Such cells, tissues or organs are called xenografts or xenotransplants.

Endocrinology increases the risk of long-term complications. Endocrinology doubles the risk of cardiovascular disease and about 75% of deaths in diabetics are due to coronary artery disease. The primary complications of diabetes due to damage in small blood vessels include damage to the eyes, kidneys, and nerves. Damage to the eyes, known as diabetic retinopathy, is caused by damage to the blood vessels in the retina of the eye. Damage to the kidneys, known as diabetic nephropathy, can lead to tissue scarring, urine protein loss, and eventually chronic kidney disease. Diabetes is a leading cause of kidney failure. At least half of all people with diabetes may have signs of early kidney problems. Damage to the nerves of the body, known as diabetic neuropathy, is the most common complication of diabetes. Diabetes related foot problems may occur, and can be difficult to treat, occasionally requiring amputation.

Thyroid problems are not rare in children, but they are not as common as parents. Hyperthyroidism an overactive thyroid gland, is seen only occasionally in new-borns. This condition is referred to as neonatal hyperthyroidism. Although thyroid disease occurs less frequently in children than in adults, the signs and symptoms can be similar. However, there are a few important differences that need to be brought to light. Congenital hypothyroidism is a disorder that affects infants at birth, and occurs in about 1 in 4000 live-born babies. It is characterised by the loss of thyroid function, due to the thyroid gland failing to develop normally. In some cases, the gland is totally absent. About 10 per cent of cases are caused by an enzyme defect leading to deficient hormones production, iodine deficiency and a brain pituitary gland abnormality. If the diagnosis is delayed, and immediate treatment is not given, congenital hypothyroidism can lead to growth and developmental defects, and severe mental retardation (cretinism).

More recent research has led to increased understanding of the mechanisms underlying the body’s loss of sensitivity to insulin (commonly called insulin resistance) in type 2 diabetes and the development of new treatments for these individuals. For example, there is evidence to suggest that exercise and weight reduction both decrease insulin resistance. In fact, numerous studies including a landmark study funded by the NIH (the Diabetes Prevention Program), have shown that these two interventions increase sensitivity to insulin and reduce the development of diabetes in people with pre-diabetes. The prevention of diabetes improves the quality and length of life, but while reducing healthcare costs substantially. In addition, researchers have discovered new medications that improve blood sugar control and reduce the incidence of diabetes and its complications.

The metabolism of T3 and T4 combination therapy into active and inactive intermediates involves the action of 3 types of deiodinases. Recent studies of common genetic variations in deiodinase and thyroid hormone transport proteins offer fresh insights in understanding the variable response to thyroid hormone therapy and future research may clarify whether subsets of patients will benefit from challenges and improvements to combination therapy. Despite significant challenges, opportunities abound for improving the Thyroid Treatment Augments Psychiatric Therapy and also Improvements of Reproductive, Neuro-endocrinology or Neuroendocrine Function in Hypothalamic

Alternative therapies can be well-defined as a "cluster of varied therapeutic and health care arrangements, practices, and medicines that are not presently measured to be part of predictable medicine”. Complementary medicine is used with predictable therapy, whereas alternative medicine is used instead of conventional medicine. Although some of these therapies may be useful, others can be not so useful or even harmful. Contrary reactions of many therapies are not well known because patients with diabetes often take various diabetes medications, there occurs budding for herbal medicine and herb dietary habit supplement interactions, leading to contrary events. Long-standing complications of diabetes grow progressively. Number of years of having diabetes is directly proportional to the higher risk of complications. Sometimes diabetic eye complications may be restricting or even lethal. A well-controlled blood sugar has less diabetic complications.  Broader health issues quicken the venomous effects of diabetes which include smoking, higher diabetes cholesterol levels, obesity, high blood pressure, and lack of regular exercise. The best forecaster of type 2 diabetes is Obesity and Weightless. People who have weight related issues or have obesity have additional pressure on their body's capability to use insulin to properly control blood sugar levels, and are therefore pick up diabetes more easily.