12^th International Conference on Endocrinology,Diabetes and Metabolism October 01-02, 2018 Osaka, Japan

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood sugar (glucose) levels that result from defects in insulin secretion, or its action, or both. Diabetes mellitus, commonly referred to as diabetes was first identified as a disease associated with "sweet urine," and excessive muscle loss in the ancient world. Elevated levels of blood glucose (hyperglycemia) lead to spillage of glucose into the urine, hence the term sweet urine. Diabetes is a chronic condition associated with abnormally high levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood. Insulin produced by the pancreas lowers blood glucose. Absence or insufficient production of insulin, or an inability of the body to properly use insulin causes diabetes.

The two types of diabetes are referred to as type 1 and type 2. Former names for these conditions were insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes, or juvenile onset and adult onset diabetes

The endocrinology of aging. ... Most aging individuals die from atherosclerosis, cancer, or dementia; but in the oldest old, loss of muscle strength resulting in frailty is the limiting factor for an individual's chances of living an independent life until death.

Diabetic retinopathy, also known as diabetic eye disease, is a medical condition in which damage occurs to the retina due to diabetes and is a leading cause of blindness.

It affects up to 80 per cent of people who have had diabetes for 20 years or more. At least 90% of new cases could be reduced if there were proper treatment and monitoring of the eyes. The longer a person has diabetes, the higher his or her chances of developing diabetic retinopathy. Each year in the United States, diabetic retinopathy accounts for 12% of all new cases of blindness. It is also the leading cause of blindness for people aged 20 to 64 years.

ReproductiveEndocrinologyisthestudyof the maternal female hormone system, including the activities of the hypothalamus, pituitary, and ovaries frompuberty through menopause.a sub-specialty of Obstetrics and Gynecology that focuses on treating men and women with infertility or reproductive system issues. The reproductive endocrinologist deals with hormonal disorders, menstrual problems, infertility, pregnancy loss, sexual dysfunction and menopause.

Nutrition is a critical part of diabetes care. Balancing the right amount of carbohydrates, fat, protein along with fibre, vitamins and minerals helps us to maintain a healthy diet and a healthy lifestyle.

Diabetic nephropathy is damage to your kidneys caused by diabetes. In severe cases it can lead to kidney failure. But not everyone with diabetes has kidney damage.

Endocrine disorders can be classified according to the intensity of hormonal activity and according to the origin of endocrine disorder. From the intensity of hormonal activity of endocrine gland we can distinguish Hyper function of endocrine gland, which is characterized by increased secretion of its hormone as well as by increased concentration of this hormone in circulating blood .Hypo function of endocrine gland, which is characterized by decreased secretion of its hormone as well as by decreased concentration of this hormone in circulating blood. If endocrine gland produces several kinds of hormones  the symptoms resulting from hyper production or hypo production of more kinds of hormones may develop, respectively, at the same time the symptoms of hyper function resulting from overproduction of one kind of hormones and the symptoms of hypo function due to a deficiency of other kind of hormones can develop . Eufunction of endocrine gland, which is in the time of medical examination characterized by normal secretion of its hormone as well as by normal concentration of this hormone (these hormones)in circulating blood. Endocrine disease results when a gland produces too much or too little of an endocrine hormone called as hormone imbalance.

Leading doctors and researchers point to excessive levels of insulin as the likely reason why insulin resistance and type 2diabetes develops. Where blood sugar levels are higher than normal, but not high enough yet to be diagnosed as type 2 diabetes Strategies such as low-carb diets and exercise help to reduce levels of insulin and are therefore effective for preventing type 2 diabetes getting regular physical activity can lower your risk for developing type 2 diabetes.

Endocrine disorder is defined as the   diseases related to the endocrine glands of the body. The types of endocrine disorders are diabetes mellitus, acromegaly, Addison’s disease, Cushing’s syndrome, Graves’ disease, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and prolactinoma. These disorders have various symptoms which affect multiple parts of the body, and can range in severity from mild to very severe. These disorders often have widespread symptoms, affect multiple parts of the body, and can range in severity from mild to very severe. Treatments depend on the specific disorder but often focus on adjusting hormone balance using synthetic hormones like Erythropoietin, Adipo-cytokines, Orexins , Endocrine Myopathies , Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia ,Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency ,Prostate cancer- Treatment and prevention..

Metabolism is the field of study that majorly focuses in the areas such as biosynthesis, storage, chemistry, and physiological function of hormones and with the cells of the endocrine glands and tissues that secrete them. Endocrinology mainly focuses on the endocrine organs, such as adrenals, pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, ovaries, testes, secretions called hormones, also its diseases and other syndromes.

The metabolic rate of most of your body's organs was determined by thyroid. Normally, when thyroid hormone levels in the body are high, they will "switch off" the production of TSH, which in turn stops the thyroid from making more T4 and T3 .Problems occur when the thyroid gland becomes either underactive (hypothyroidism) or overactive (hyperthyroidism). Thyroid problems are more common in women than men. Cancer may also develop in the thyroid gland. The most common cause of hypothyroidism is Hashimoto's thyroiditis, an autoimmune condition where the body makes antibodies that destroy parts of the thyroid gland. Thyroid hormone production can be suppressed or halted completely by following these methods radioactive iodide treatment, Anti-thyroid medication and Surgery.

The term obesity refers to the condition where there is an accumulation of excess body fat that it might have a negative effect on their health. Being overweight may refer to the inappropriate or too much weight for height. Additionally, being overweight may due to other structures in the body such as the muscle and the bone rather than fats .being overweight can contributes to several diseases like diabetes, high blood pressure, stroke, heart attack... etc.

Islet transplantation is a kind of transplantation where the transplantation is done by transferring isolated islets from a donor pancreas into another person. This is an experimental treatment for diabetes. Once the islets are transplanted, the islets begin to produce insulin, actively regulating the level of glucosein in the blood. Like this the pancreas can also be transplanted from one person to another and this method is called xenotransplantation.

Molecular and Cellular endocrinology is the field of study that majorly focuses on all aspects related to the biochemical and genetic effects, secretions and synthesis of extracellular signals (hormones, neurotransmitters, etc.) and to the understanding of cellular regulatory mechanisms involved in hormonal control.

Genomic endocrinology is defined as the insights that may be gained about endocrine pathology and physiology from application of the full range of genetic approaches .Genetic mechanisms leading to endocrine disease, and functional studies of genetic mutations that shed novel insights into the aetiology and pathogenesis of endocrine disorders.

Endocrine surgery is a surgical subspecialty of surgery that focuses predominantly on diseases of the endocrine glands such as thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands. Endocrine surgeons and Endocrinologists typically work closely together to provide the most advantageous care to patients afflicted with endocrine disorders.

The rapidly evolving discipline of environmental endocrinology is briefly reviewed from the 'heroic era' to the present. Environmental endocrinology has developed in response to the need to understand how hormones modulate and control physiological processes in animals exposed to the exigencies of their particular, natural, environment. This has only been made possible through spectacular developments in hormone assay techniques which now make feasible hormone measurements on microlitre volumes of body fluids. The results of some recent research programmes working on animals in the field are reviewed. These include the reproductive responses of migratory birds in the Arctic, the role of antidiuretic hormone in the survival of desert rodents and marsupial wallabies, some interesting behavioural effects of glucocorticoids in reptiles, and the dynamic interplay between hormones and social status in primates.

Alternative therapies can be well-defined as a "cluster of varied therapeutic and health care arrangements, practices, and medicines that are not presently measured to be part of predictable medicine”. Complementary medicine is used with predictable therapy, whereas alternative medicine is used instead of conventional medicine. Although few therapies may be useful, others are not so useful or even harmful. Contrary reactions of many therapies are not known because patients with diabetes often take various diabetes medications, there occurs budding for herbal medicine and herb dietary habit supplement interactions, leading to contrary events. Long-standing complications of diabetes grow progressively. Number of years having diabetes is directly proportional to the higher risk of complications. Broader health issues quicken the venomous effects of diabetes which include smoking, obesity, higher diabetes cholesterol levels, high blood pressure, and lack of regular exercise. The best forecaster of type 2 diabetes is Obesity and Weightless.