Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism

Pituitary Gland Disorders

Pituitary gland disorders affect this "master gland," which regulates various endocrine functions through hormone secretion. Common disorders include pituitary adenomas, which can cause overproduction or underproduction of hormones. For instance, prolactinomas lead to excessive prolactin, resulting in reproductive issues and galactorrhea, while growth hormone-secreting tumors cause acromegaly or gigantism. Conversely, deficiencies in hormones like ACTH or TSH from pituitary dysfunction can lead to adrenal insufficiency or hypothyroidism, respectively. Other conditions include pituitary apoplexy, an acute event often due to hemorrhage within a pituitary tumor, and empty sella syndrome, where the sella turcica, the bony structure housing the pituitary, is partially empty. Diagnosis typically involves hormonal assays, imaging studies like MRI, and sometimes biopsy. Treatment options include medications, radiation therapy, or surgical resection, depending on the specific disorder and its severity. Regular monitoring and personalized management are key to effective treatment and improved patient outcomes.